Schutz?s theory Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s paper, I will be examination individual relationship utilizing Schutz’s hypothesis of relational needs. As per Communication Making Connection by William J. Seiler and Melissa L. Beall, Schutz’s hypothesis infers that we have three needs: the requirement for warmth, the requirement for incorporation, and the requirement for control. As indicated by Schutz’s hypothesis, the requirement for friendship is the need to feel affable or adorable. On the off chance that different individuals like a particular individual, that individual has adequately satisfy this need and that need is alluded as close to home. Somebody who can't satisfy this need is marked either underpersonal or overpersonal. Individual people need to be enjoyed, however they don't consider being preferred by everybody fundamental for joy. Underpersonal individuals maintain a strategic distance from enthusiastic responsibilities or contribution with others. Overpersonal people will regularly go to the limits to guarantee acknowledgment by others. It is my conviction that, I am an individual person. I’m the kind of individual that feels like I’m fit for managing anybody that I interact with. Numerous individuals that I’ve experience throughout the years like my football partner feel that I’m presumptuous; by and by I reveal to them that I’m simply sure. My ex, shontell, then again is increasingly an overpersonal sort of person. She should be at the focal point of consideration so as to guarantee that she is acknowledgment by she peers. She won't settle on a choice without somebody endorsement. As indicated by Schutz’s hypothesis, the relational ne...

Botticelli is one of the most famous artists during the Italian Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Botticelli is one of the most celebrated craftsmen during the Italian Renaissance Essay Botticelli is one of the most well known specialists during the Italian Renaissance. He was know for the depiction of the female figure and his capacity to consolidate gentility as an image of life itself or potentially nature delineated by the progressions of seasons. Botticelli most renowned figure was that of Venus, the goddess of adoration. She was fused into two of his most celebrated works, The Birth of Venus and Primavera. The majority of Botticellis ladies had that run of the mill hourglass figure to them . During the timespan in which these works were made, ladies with the physical qualities of Venus were viewed as the perfect ladylike figure. These ladies were viewed as perfect in light of the fact that during this period, tissue was an image of wellbeing, riches, and security Sandro à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦, 1. Ladies of this constructed were clearly sound since this indicated they ate well and were consequently monetarily secure. Flimsy ladies then again were seen as being poor and in this manner deprived and undesirable because of absence of assets and hard work. Likewise, men saw Venus particularly her wide hips to be the ideal figure, since they saw that kind of figure to be planned particularly for the reasons for youngster bearing Turner 151. Venus, the goddess of adoration, is outlined in Sandro Botticellis The Birth of Venus, as a definitive glorification of the female figure, since this canvas delineates the start everything being equal, which is simply the introduction of the goddess of affection herself. It portrays this picture since she is drawn as an unadulterated individual, not thinking a lot about what's going on. Botticelli doesn't give any indications of insolence towards ladies. Truth be told in this painting, despite the fact that the goddess is Rizzo 2 naked, he delineates her in such a design, that shows she has self-assurance and absence of shame. The arm that covers her bosoms and the log hair covering the private parts is the way she is keeping herself from being uncovered and basically how he keeps up her humility Dempsey, 35. Botticelli likewise portrays the affection goddess to be hot. He makes this hallucination by giving her the long, wavy, brilliant hair. When all is said in done, long hair is viewed as attractive. Botticelli includes the breeze factor, which thus makes Venus all the more pulling in light of the fact that it leaves to the brain the creative mind of her getting naked on the off chance that she didn't hold the hair in the position that he put it. The slight inclusion of the bosoms and the private parts is the thing that makes Venus to be an exceptionally hot and appealing lady. Uncovering only a slight piece of the private regions is very drawing in. It leaves to the creative mind the remainder of the image. Botticelli speaks to the excellence of his ladies in another of his popular works. In Primavera, he delineates the introduction of a fresh start. Back in that timeframe, spring implied new life. Blossoms sprouted and individuals endure unforgiving winters. Botticelli is splendid in the manner he portrays this resurrection. The order of Primavera runs option to left, in spite of the pictorial succession in the standard work of art. He portrays the canvas in a specific order on the grounds that as per the Roman schedule, spring unfurled from option to left Turner, 152. The work of art starts with Chloris. Chloris is as far as anyone knows the purpose behind the presence of Flora, the goddess of blossoms. Chloris was assaulted by Zephyr, the man right to one side of the artistic creation Dempsey, 44. The blossoms Rizzo 3 that come out of her mouth, onto Floras dress whom Chloris was changed into after the assault, represent the introduction of a fresh start. This is supposed to be where the fresh start occurs. .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .postImageUrl , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:hover , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:visited , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:active { border:0!important; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:active , .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:hover { darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5d8 22e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5d822e348cddc68946c1ec8e55d6993b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Botticellis Spring EssayThe blossoms from Flora at that point start to rise up out of the base of Venuss feet. Venus in this canvas is by and by intended to be the start of the start of another life. Spring is the known to be the start of new life since that implied that one endure the cruel winters. In this artistic creation, Venus represents the endurance of the past season. The three goddesses to one side of Venus represent the blossoming of the up and coming season Dempsey, 62. Despite the fact that the craftsman utilizes these ladies as an image of something, he despite everything shows a lot of regard for them by putting some type of inclusion on their figures. The states of the womens bodies in Botticellis artistic creations are largely fundamentally the same as each other. At the point when the ladies are uncovering their bodies, they have the run of the mill hourglass figure. At the point when the ladies are dressed nonetheless, he causes them to show up as though they were more full in figure greater in the tummy territory. Botticellis ladies have another similitude. The essences of these ladies all have a calm, yet refined look to them. None of his ladies appear to be the sort of lady that takes a stand in opposition to what she feels and needs. Maybe one must peruse their outward appearances to comprehend what it is they are attempting to state or decipher what they need. In conclusion, every one of his ladies have that stunning, wavy hair that makes them drawing in to take a gander at and exceptionally hot. Rizzo 4 Botticelli had a method of delineating his ladies in a provocative, yet good house. He never did a terrible depiction of the lady figure. All in all, Botticellis ladies were constantly portrayed as the perfect ladies of the Renaissance timespan. The ladies in his works of art were rarely decreased or affronted. Rizzo 5

How to Write a Successful APA Paper

How to Write a Successful APA PaperWriting an APA paper is quite simple; after all, you have the most important parts of the paper already done. Most of the time the first thing that comes to mind when you hear APA paper writing is a textbook. However, this is just the beginning.First, you need to prepare yourself mentally. Some people seem to be naturally prepared while others do not. It's just one of those things that you should learn how to do if you want to write an APA paper. So how can you do this?The first thing you need to do is get into the habit of making lists and tracking everything that you do. When you start, you might find yourself forgetting things. But as you continue to do them, you will begin to realize that you are forgetting things that are needed. When this happens, you need to stop, remember your list, and do the list again. And again.As you continue to do this, you will find that you are putting in more prep work and so will your classmates. You must learn to resist the temptation to make notes, but rather just sit down and write the notes down. This is a huge part of writing an APA paper.In addition to doing this, you need to create some sort of structure to the paper. Write your sections out in order, but don't get stuck on a particular order. You may want to think about where you want to begin, and where you want to end. After you have laid out your main ideas in this way, you can then go back and make notes.Feel free to ask questions, but try to stay focused. For example, what you see on page two of your APA is something that you see on page five. What will happen on page ten, therefore, is very dependent on what happens on page one. For this reason, you must make notes along the way to make sure that you aren't completely unaware of what is going on with your paper.Once you get to the end of the prep work, you may want to read over your notes. Don't worry, they will be read over by your classmates and you will not be the only one. M any times this part of the process is the most enjoyable part of writing an APA paper.So, now you know how to write APA paper, and how to prepare yourself mentally. Hopefully you have learned how to avoid getting lost in your notes and how to stay focused and excited about your APA. Happy writing!

Using Green Products Make A Difference - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 912 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Environment Essay Level High school Tags: Recycling Essay Did you like this example? For years people have been told that habits such as recycling and using green products are making a difference, but are they really? Recycling is taking certain waste products and reusing them, and green products are often referred to as products, services or practices that allow for economic development while conserving for future generations. (What is a Green product, n.d). What items can be recycled is a question that is asked frequently, and there many answers for that such as: plastic bags, bottle, cans, metal, paper, and even more products than that, those are just the basics. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using Green Products Make A Difference" essay for you Create order After researching on the habits of recycling or using green products making a difference, I have begun to believe that it does benefit not only the earth, but everyone on it as well. Recycling comes with many benefits such as, minimizing pollution, and preserving natural resources. Why should natural resources be preserved? The 9 benefits of Recycling article states that The worlds natural resources are finite, and some are in very short supply. (9 benefits of recycling, 2018 March 29). Preserving natural resources will cause them to stay around for the next generations, instead of becoming extinct. Recycling minimizes pollution by taking the waste products and renewing them instead of taking them to the landfill where they will sit and take forever to decompose and just become poisonous to the earth and us. Also, by recycling products money is saved, because instead of buying new products the old ones are reused which is way cheaper than producing or buying new ones. Another reason recycling saves money according to EHows YouTube video is that by reducing space in landfills, by saving trees and by reducing the cost of dumping used materials. (Ehow, 2009 July 9 ). Green products are Eco friendly products that are reusable and not harmful to people. The benefits of Green cleaning state that It has been proven that using green products for cleaning can reduce health issues such as eye, respiratory and skin burns or irritations, allergies, headaches, chemical poisoning, nausea, and even reproductive hazards. (The benefits of Green Cleaning,2012, January 9). Recycling and green products can also have many disadvantages such as bad product, time consuming, increasing pollution, and energy consumption. Recycling is supposed to decrease pollution but the article 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling; states that recycling tons of garbage will require waste to be transported, sorted, cleaned, and processed in separate factories all of which need energy and may result in by-products that can pollute air, water, or soil. (13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling, n.d). Another disadvantage of recycling is that a bad product can be made, because somethings can only be reused so many times until they become fragile, or flimsy. Most think that going green is a simple step, and will not take up much time, but Rapid advance states that some will require constant monitoring and effort to ensure all systems that can be converted are. (Rapid Advanced, 2016, October 5). When looking outside the skies are blue and pretty, the leaves are chang ing colors, and there is grass on the ground instead of dirt. The movie Wall-E is a great example of what will happen to this earth and everyone on it if habits such as recycling and using green products are no longer done. There are no trees in the movie, no grass, no pretty blue skies, just garbagepiles and piles of garbage. In Taras article she states that 75,000 trees could be saved by recycling one run of the Sunday edition of the New York Times. (Tara, 2017, July 13). That is only one day out of a seven-day week period that these are printed off! Imagine recycling papers that have been thrown away in the office at work, wrapping paper from sandwiches, or homework that is no longer needed. How much paper is that? How many trees are saved then? Another thing, if the world was to end up like it is made out to be in the movie Wall-E what will happen to everyone? Not recycling is hurting everyone just as bad as it is hurting the earth. On the map from Number of U.S landfill facilities in 2015 by region you can see that there were 624 landfill facilities in the South of the U.S. (Number of U.S landfill Facilities in 2015 by Region. n.d). These landfills fill up pretty quickly because of the trash everyone throws out each day, and the waste just sits there for who knows how long before it starts to decompose. By the waste sitting there it causes the air to become polluted and hard to breathe in. The air will never not be polluted especially now since there are millions if not billions of cars driving around every day, but by reducin g the landfills it gives everyone a chance to breathe in less polluted air and even more room for trees that provide oxygen. After taking time and learning the advantages and disadvantages of recycling and using green products, and seeing what could be done to this earth if these habits are not passed on; the question still stands are these habits really making a difference? Yes, the habits are making a difference. Take a moment and think about the movie Wall-E Could that be the next generations future if they are not taught habits like recycling or the usage of green products? One simple saying can be said and taught to the younger generations to teach them and that is Recycle, Reduce, Reuse!

Faith and Reason Can They Coexist - 1064 Words

Faith Vs. Reason The definition of faith is confidence or trust in a person, thing, deity, or in the doctrines or teachings of a religion or view. The word faith is often used as a synonym for hope, trust or belief. In â€Å"contrast† the definition of Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, for establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature. Faith and reason commonly seem to be the source of division within the philosophical community. What are faith and reason really, and is there truly no room for faith and reason to coexist? Faith in philosophy focuses more on the belief that a higher power exists, and runs more with the Christian religion. Faith is what people ca ll it when they believe that there is a greater being out there and we all have purpose according to their plan. Many people use faith as an explanation for events they cannot explain, or to get them through what feels like an impossible situation. For example, I once met a man who was very down on his luck. He had just moved here from Ecuador and within 4 months he had been laid off from his job. He had a wife and two small children and no way to take care of them. He had promised hisShow MoreRelatedReligion-Week 1764 Words   |  4 PagesExplain whether you agree or disagree with the notion that religion and science can coexist. Name at least two (2) key points from the podcast that substantiate your position. I do believe that religion and science can coexist. In the interview the commentator explains that one of professor Francisco Ayalas (Faith Matters. 2010, April 02) statements was that science and religion need not be in contradiction if they are properly understood..... religion explains why and science explains howRead MoreThe Differences Between Science And Religion913 Words   |  4 PagesOften claims are made that science and religion are incompatible; the two cannot coexist as to believe in God contradicts scientific belief. To look at science and think of it in a completely separate field to religion is not true a true reflection of the relationship between the two. Science and religion overlap in several ways. They both affect our everyday decisions and impact on the way we view and understand the world around us. They both address ‘the same world, the same reality.’ just in differentRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Of Science And Religion1585 Words   |   7 PagesSimilarities and Differences of Science and Religion Where do we come from? Why are we here? And What is our purpose are questions that many of us ask ourselves sometime. During the debate on, Does Science Refutes God?, it is well seen that science can overthrow the credibility of God because science has a lot of relevant studies and conclusions, but it certainly does not refute God. It is clearly seen that shermer and Krauze won the debate because they had good information but D’Souza and HutchisonRead MoreLife Of Pi By Yann Martel1068 Words   |  5 Pagesjourney of hope and courage. His strength is grounded in his faith and religion, as well as his admiration for the startling world of science, and teaches that both science and religion can offer a unique perspective on the world around us. Pi has the simple yet extraordinary notion that even scientists can take a â€Å"leap of faith† (1), which enables them to be viewed in the religious community as â€Å"brothers† (4), rather than viewed as enemies of faith. The agnostics, however, are unable to conform to thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Barbara Kingsolvers A Fist In The Eye Of God1728 Words   |  7 Pagesof phenomena† (Kingsolver 208). The contrasting interpretation of â€Å"theory† results from the fluctuating amount of information circulating on this term. Although the word â€Å"theory† is a prime example of how people interpret ideas distinctively, people can develop new insights on their previous ideas or thoughts once they gain more knowledge from books or experience. Barbara Kingsolver, a biologist, conveys in her essay, â€Å"A Fist in the Eye of God,† that humans are divided over the acceptance of evolutionRead MoreBarth Reflection God Here and Now951 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect statement according to Barth (Barth, 2003, p. 61). Barth’s opening thesis is a view that everything that can be known with confidence about God or divine things is known only or primarily by faith, as opposed to a coherent or cognitive. In addition, existential, in the sense that Barth affirms that scripture has an objective significance, even before considering it through faith and reason. According to Barth, â€Å"This circumstance is the simple fact that in the congregation of Jesus Christ, theRead MoreThe Star by Arthur C. Clarke and the Juxtaposition of Science and Religion704 Words   |  3 Pages When dwelling into the explorations about science and religion, one can find it quite amusing. If science and religion are to continue to coexist it seems opposed to the conditions of modern thought to admit that this result can be brought about by the so-called water-tight compartment system which, even at the present time, is frequently extolled or considered possible.(Boutroux, 406) Two powerful forces that coexist yet each of them deny one another, but yet they define one another. TheRead MoreA Positive Coexistence Among All Tribes Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesto be able to enter paradise during the end times. In accordance to this, the Prophet also condemned mistreatment towards other people who were of different faiths. As quoted from his teachings by Abu Dawud, he says, â€Å"Beware, whoever is cruel and hard on a non-Muslim minority, or curtails their rights, or burdens them with more than they can bear, or takes anything from them against their free will; I (Prophet Muhammad) will complain against the person on the Day of Judgment.† Abdulsalam M.(2006)Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesChrist.† These two distinct religious views cannot coexist in Douglass’ America, and it becomes clear that in order to abolish slavery, first one must confront these two distinct roles of Christianity. So in a way, Douglass’ religion is not just an attack on the unrighteous ways of the slave-holding Christian, but it also becomes a political vessel to forward the abolitionist cause. If religion is viewed as a political vessel for Douglass, the appendix can therefore be seen as his call-to-arms againstRead MoreEssay Can Democracy Succeed in Islam ic Countries?1111 Words   |  5 Pagesthe possibility that a true democracy in Islamic lands may lead to Islamic democrats seeking reconciliation of human rights and civil liberties under strict Islamic ruling. Needless to say, an Islamic democracy is perceived as a threat; with good reason. Decades of anti-Islam aggravation succeeded in corrupting the image of Islam in many western countries, depicting Islam as authoritarian and anti-democratic. Islam has always been the soul of all Arabs. For all Muslim people, the embracing of

Cleopatra as a Historical Figure Essay - 2549 Words

Cleopatra as a Historical Figure In hieroglyphs, the name reads â€Å"Kleopadra†. It is a name which in Greek means â€Å"Glory of Her Race† (Weigall, 44). It is a name belonging to a woman who has transcended the boundaries of time so that we may know her story. What better way to describe Cleopatra, the last Queen of Egypt, Ruler of the Nile, sent from the Gods themselves to lead her people, than â€Å"Glory of Her Race†? Cleopatra, the last ruling descendant of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, has arguably unparalleled fame as a female historical figure. Yet we must ask ourselves: why? What is it about this individual that strikes us as so intriguing that we, like the Elizabethans before us, centuries ago, like the Romans two millennia past, should†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare’s play, Antony and Cleopatra, shows this juxtaposition of the East and West as well, especially through the characters in the play. The opulence and sensuality of the East is personified by Cleopatra, whereas the moral solidity and observance of duty is beheld in Octavius. Mark Antony is torn between the two ideals, his duty as a Roman, and his obvious desire to indulge in the hedonistic way of the East. This exoticness of Cleopatra leads to a general view of her, both by the Egyptian and Roman populace, as having an other-worldliness quality about, a strange mysticism. This is reinforced by Cleopatra’s constant referral of herself as Isis, one of the more powerful Egyptian goddesses. Cleopatra is said to â€Å"†¦have attired herself†¦that which was supposed†¦ to have been worn by the mother-deity Isis† (Weigall, 45). By identifying herself with a goddess, Cleopatra is merely continuing the custom that the Pharaohs of old used to practice. Isis, whose Latin epithet, Stella Maris, means â€Å"Star Of The Sea,† is of particular importance to Cleopatra not only because she is an extremely strong, religious image of feminine power, but she is also often depicted as a personification of the throne itself, thusShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Tales Galore Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Cleopatra came out in 1963, it was running on the budget of $44 mil lion ($297 in 2007 dollars). The movie follows Cleopatra VII, last queen and monarch of Ancient Egypt from 48 BCE (allying with Caesar) to her suicide in 31 BCE. Cleopatra was born in 69 BCE to Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother and she would later inherit the throne along with her brother Ptolemy XIII when her father died in 51 BCE. Her brother had gotten Cleopatra to leave Egypt the same Caesar came chasing his rival PompeyRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Dante s Inferno1016 Words   |  5 Pagesbe the Pope, people were idolizing wealth and corruption, and a majority of relationships were stemmed from adultery. As a result, throughout his cantos, Dante writes about some of the most well known historical figures and Roman politicians. Thus, Dante does not write about these historical figures for show and tell but to cast eye-opening contradictions about what was valued in the 14th century, this is also a depiction of the morals held to a high standard in today’s society. Danteâ€℠¢s contemporariesRead MoreAntony And Cleopatra Relationship Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe relationship between Antony and Cleopatra is something we can only speculate about after analysing the writings from ancient history. The main written accounts of the couple come primarily from Roman writers, therefore are largely based on the cultural, political and possibly personal beliefs of the individuals who wrote them. An important similarity between the two passages would be that both were originally ‘written in the early part of the second century CE, more than 150 years after theRead MoreThe Status And Perception Of Women928 Words   |  4 Pagessocietal views of women, and were ultimately depicted. Scholarship on Cleopatra and Queen Elizabeth I relays the idea that society and patriarchy led to their respective authorities and depictions. Mary Hamer, author of Signs of Cleopatra, a historical research text, investigates Cleopatra’s cultural significance from her earliest representations in her own time to her status as a symbol in modern times. In the chapter, â€Å"Cleopatra: housewife,† she discusses Cleopatra’s image between the fourteenthRead MorePostmodern Art in Andy Warhol ´s Silvier Liz as Cleopatra1194 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Silver Liz as Cleopatra.† Andy Warhol’s rendition of Elizabeth Taylor are prime examples of the shift in art history that Benjamin refers to as the value of this particular piece is based upon its mass production, and appropriation of iconic images and people. â€Å"Silver Liz as Cleopatra† is a piece completed by Warhol in 1963 and is currently on display at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto. This specific painting portrays actress Elizabeth Taylor as the lead role of Cleopatra, the highest grossingRead MoreWhat Do the Representations of Cleopatra in Film and on Television (as Shown on the Dvd Video ‘Cleopatra’) Tell Us About How Her Reputation Changed over Time? Discuss with Reference to Two or Three Representations.1195 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1 What do the representations of Cleopatra in film and on television (as shown on the DVD video ‘Cleopatra’) tell us about how her reputation changed over time? Discuss with reference to two or three representations. The name Cleopatra invokes a striking image in your mind. The Egyptian queen who took on the might of Rome. The way we see Cleopatra’s character changes in the way she has been depicted in movies and television across the years. With each different portrayal she reflectsRead MoreMovie Review Cleopatra2277 Words   |  10 PagesMovie Review of â€Å"Cleopatra† The legendary story of Cleopatra has endured for over two thousand years. Joseph L. Mankiewicz’s 1963 epic movie, â€Å"Cleopatra†, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richtard Burton depicts the end of Ancient Egypt’s Ptolemaic dynasty with the fall of Cleopatra. Cleopatra was in fact the last of the great the pharaohs of Egypt and it can be said that she was as famous as Elizabeth Taylor who had been chosen to portray the fascinating ruler. Cleopatra was an intelligentRead MoreAnalysis paper Cleopatra1797 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis of CLEOPATRA LIFE: STACY SCHIFF ANTHONY EVERITT: THE LIFE OF ROME’S FIRST EMPEROR AUGUSTUS ANDREA OVERFIELD: THE HUMAN RECORD SOURCES OF GLOBAL HISTORY, VOLUME1 By Susana E Andrade Professor Lorenz History 4A, Sec. 1985 May 2, 2013 1. Based on your selected book, very briefly describe the scope and focus of your historian work, then, state the historian’s thesis/core argument and sub-thesis. Stacy Schiff in Cleopatra: A life present a wellRead MoreOctavian, Anthony and Cleopatra: Propaganda and the ‘Myth of Actium1095 Words   |  5 PagesWorkshop 1 Octavian, Anthony and Cleopatra: Propaganda and the ‘Myth of Actium The creation and subsequent sustaining of the ‘Myth of Actium is one of the greatest examples of the use of mass propaganda in the ancient world. While scholars such as Murray question the impact that the re-instigation of games at Nikopolis and the extension of the temple of Apollo at Actium would have on the political situation in Rome, its emergence, however, seems to have occurred around 20 BC, a time at whichRead More The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance1689 Words   |  7 Pagesartists would only portray subjects from ancient mythology or Biblical figures, but she chose to represent ethnic and humanitarian subject matter instead. Her marble sculpture, The Death of Cleopatra, was absolutely remarkable. It is by far her most ambitious piece because it has a lot of underlying meaning to it. Lewis was so successful with her sculpture of Cleopatra because she related to the issues surrounding her. Cleopatra undoubtedly held a different meaning to Lewis than did to her other

Mr. Fix-It free essay sample

For the past nine years, much of my spare time has been dedicated to taking things apart. I enjoy fixing just about everything from electronics to vehicles. I first discovered my love for dismantling things when I was eight. I was playing with one of my many remote-control cars when it shot down the stairs of my deck and broke into pieces, revealing its inner workings. I had no idea what they were or what they did, but I was fascinated by all the gizmos inside – the motors and circuit boards that made it move. I began to take apart all of my remote-control toys to see if they were similar. As I got older, I began to understand how these parts worked. Then I realized that if I took something apart, I could use the pieces to make something else. This led to the creation of many Frankenstein devices – like an elevator for my Lego buildings, electric Knex cars, and motorized wooden boats – all made from electric motors and circuit boards. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Fix-It or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once I even created my own helicopter using parts of a remote-control car and some Styrofoam. I shaped the foam into a fuselage and used the cars plastic to create rotors. The motor wasnt powerful enough for sustained flight, so I stole one from a monster truck and soldered it onto the circuit board. I guess my love for fixing things came from my father. Ever since I could hold a screwdriver I have followed him around, helping repair things. As I grew, he began to teach me not only how to fix things but also how to build them. Together, we have completed lots of projects, including docks, tables, and walls. He taught me how to hammer, cut wood, and make things level and strong. When it came time for me to learn to repair cars, I instantly loved it. My first project was an oil change. When it was done and I had grease on my hands and oil on my face, I felt accomplished and proud. Since that first oil change, my knowledge of cars has grown immensely. I can fix just about anything on a car, and what I cant fix on my own, my father and I do together. He has taught me almost everything about cars. I still take things apart, although now they are much more complex and a lot bigger. I am currently working on two inventions, neither of which exists yet, to my knowledge. I believe that these two ideas could change the way we look at transportation and recreation. I always hear people say you should choose your career not based on money, but on what you love. I am lucky that I found my passion at such a young age. I know that becoming an engineer will give me the opportunity to take my interest in creating new things and apply it to the world.

Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry Essay Example

Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry Essay Introduction Throughout the 20th century, the United States steel industry underwent major changes, which affected the structure of the industry, its major companies and the number of jobs in the steel industry. There is no secret that the number of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry has significantly decreased and will probably continue to fall due to several reasons. The United States steel industry entered the period of crises in the late 1950s, which intensively remained until the late 1960s despite the fact that specific measures are taken. Scientific research proves that the decline of the steel industry, which also resulted in the decline of the number of jobs in the steel industry, was caused by the combination of reasons. However, it is also proved the major reason was international trade, or to be exact, the increasing amount of imports. Consequences of the cut down of manufacturing jobs in the steel industry have affected a lot of communities significantly across the country , and especially, Eastern and Midwestern regions of the country, where the majority of steel mills were situated many years ago and continue to be there nowadays. Being a part of deindustrialization process decline of the number of jobs in the U.S. steel industry has negatively affected people, who were laid off their jobs as a result of cut down. Steel mills around which small towns have been built started to close, leaving now opportunities for future well-being for their former employees. Those who did not lose their jobs did not have even the smallest ray of hope and faith that they would not be laid off in the nearest future because the loss of money and the decline of competitive ability of steel mills were evident to everybody. The primary goal of designing current study is to discover and analyze significant reasons, which caused a decline in manufacturing jobs in the United States steel industry. The paper will focus on the historical facts leading up to these reasons as well as consequences of the decrease in the number of jobs. The state of the modern steel industry in the USA will also be described further in the study. 1. Historical Background When the steel industry faced the crisis in 1977-1978, it wasn’t something new and unknown, because the industry had already had problems and hard times starting at the end of the 1950s due to the increase of imports. The state of the steel industry at that time was characterized by prolonged growth, which was even worsened by the rising of imports, lowering profits and constant misunderstandings with the USA government on the matter of pricing policies. By the end of the 1960s, the problem with import became so acute that the leaders in the steel industry had no other choice but to refer to the government, which they tried to persuade to â€Å"negotiate import restrictions with Japanese and European exporters of steel† [3]. Having acknowledged the necessity to protect domestic producers of steel, the government prepared a so-called â€Å"protectionist legislation† aiming at eliminating the amount of imported steel into the country. However, taken measures seemed not to be working. Despite the fact that the year of 1974 was rather successful for the steel industry, it was followed by the significant recession in 1975, which â€Å"plunged the industry back into a depressed state – a condition from which it has not recovered† [3]. What caused the recession? The author of the book â€Å"The U.S. Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World† Robert W. Crandall names several reasons, including the â€Å"increase of the environmental costs† and the â€Å"labor costs† [3]. As a result of the increase of imports and the failure of the government to control it, a lot of steel mills had either to close down or to decrease the number of workers. The ones that chose to close turned into places like Youngstown, which became â€Å"a place of naked ruins, junk heaps of indiscernible provenance or pint-sized industrial follow-ons, including a few steel processing plants and one â€Å"mini-mi ll,† which doesn’t make steel but simply melts scrap metal into reusable form† [10]. According to statistical evidence, about 10,000 people were employed there â€Å"before first one; then another big steel company shut down until US Steel struck the final blow in 1979† [10]. In 2002, the mini-mill which still exists and operates in that area employed only â€Å"about 430† workers [10]. Examples of the shutting down of mills and employees dismissal are multiple. At the beginning of the 1980s, the community was shocked when â€Å"U.S. Steel added to the record-breaking chill by announcing it would permanently lay off 15,400 workers and close part or all of twenty-nine mills, the largest shutdown in American history† [1]. 2. Significant Reasons Causing the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal of the Decline of Manufacturing Jobs in the United States Steel Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having spoken about critical historical facts concerning the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry, it is necessary to examine major reasons that influenced the decline. The first reason is the decision of U.S. government to seize some of the steel mills in the USA at the beginning of the 1950s. This happened on the 8th of April, 1952, when â€Å"President Harry S. Truman announced that, to avert a strike, the federal government was seizing the steel mills of all the major companies involved in a labor dispute with the United Steelworkers of America† [7]. It is not necessarily the most important reason, because other reasons seem to have even more influence on the steel industry of the USA, however, the actions of the President provoked much discontent and irritation, because before that nobody has â€Å"taken over the major portion of an industry as basic to the American economy as steel† [7]. It marked the beginning of crisis not only for the steel industry, but also it resulted in a political and constitutional crisis for the whole country, or in a so-called â€Å"war power between Congress and the President† [4]. The second reason consists of two interrelated reasons, which have impacted the US steel industry the most and have resulted in the significant cut downs of jobs all over the country. These two reasons include the growth of imports and U.S. government’s failure to control it. The steel industry had faced a lot of problems before; however, the real crisis began in 1977. In the middle of 1970s, the industry started its recovery, which was abruptly â€Å"aborted by a sudden surge in imports and the price-cutting associated with this surge† [3]. As a result of the increasing amount of imports several major companies closed, the income of the industry lowered to the â€Å"zero† mark. It became clear that without government’s assistance industry would not be able to survive. The U.S. government understood the importance to design a set of policies â€Å"to ease the pressure on the steel industry and its employees, induce the companies to withdraw or suspend the ir dumping complaints, quiet the congressional proponents of trade protection, and minimize the contribution to domestic inflation, which was rising to 7 percent and beyond† [3]. However, the plan that was proposed by Anthony Solomon to accomplish all of the goals described above did not address the real needs of the industry, which continued to dismiss its workers by closing down more and more mills. Measures that should have been taken by the government at that period had to be stricter, maybe even in the form of protectionism to help the industry face severe competition from cheaper imports. Instead, the plan that was designed aimed at helping the steel industry â€Å"in its struggle with foreign competitors by assuring â€Å"fair† competition and reasonable domestic tax and environmental policies† [3]. Also, it remains unclear why the U.S. government waited for so long to design these policies, which indeed came out only after nearly 20 years from the beginni ng of the steel industry crisis. The help should have been provided earlier. This is how the actions of the government are described in the article by Michael Waller â€Å"U.S. in Steel Trap†: â€Å"The domestic steel industry and other industries vital to U.S. national defense is being killed off by policymakers in Washington who are caught up in a â€Å"free-trade fervor† [9]. And the most awkward consequence of such actions can be seen when the U.S. Army needs the products of the steel industry, and it has to go to the world market to find it. This is how it happened when the U.S. Army found the need for new soldiers’ berets. Instead of buying them from domestic producers, â€Å"it had to go to Communist China to have them made. No U.S. company could produce them to the required quality and specifications† [9]. Some of the scientists tried to explain such a weird behavior of the U.S. government. These explanations can be found in the article â€Å"Of fshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues† by Alan Garner, who states that â€Å"Economic research finds that protectionism is a costly way to preserve U.S. jobs† [5]. Instead, the author is convinced that the better way out is to â€Å"adopt policies that ease the reallocation of labor and capital to industries with stronger competitive positions† [5]. The sequential reason of lack of government regulations to aid the steel industry, which also contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry, is the lack of competitive strength of U.S. mills as compared to Chinese and Japanese mills, for example, which at that time produced more qualitative products and at cheaper prices. Of course, having no or negative profits makes the owners of the steel mills lay off the workers because there is no sense in continuing the operation. The following reason which impacted the number of employees in the U.S. steel industry is deindustrialization. The process of deindustrialization has touched all of the world nations. It is characterized by the reduction of the employment in the manufacturing sector and the decrease of the number of people employed in the service sector of the national economy. Some of the scientists state that the decrease of manufacturing jobs in the steel industry is due to the decrease of the industrial capacity of the steel industry, which is partially true; however, it is necessary not to forget about the lack of competitive ability as compared to imports. Factors which contributed to the process of deindustrialization in the USA include: â€Å"a lack of investment in basic production, plant closings and layoffs, and the large negative merchandise trade balance as evidence that the United States is losing its manufacturing base† [6]. People that have been laid off started to shift to the service sector, but those who couldn’t shift had to remain unemployed. The process of deindustrialization does not only mean shifting of the jobs to the service sector. However, it means the decline of the manufacturing industries as a whole, which is followed by the reduction of employment and the decrease of net profits. In conclusion to this point, reasons that contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States steel industry include the increase of foreign imports and lack of competitive advantage to resist it; government failure to eliminate the pressure on the U.S. steel industry from the side of foreign producers; deindustrialization and shift of the jobs from industrial sector to service sector of economy; lack of investment in the steel industry; decrease of profits; and bankruptcy of the steel mills. 3. Modern State of the Steel Industry in the USA There is no doubt that the U.S. steel industry will continue to exist and will survive all of the hardships. However, the structure of it is constantly changing, adopting new technologies, changing ownership and adapting to a new competitive environment. It is necessary to acknowledge that â€Å"both changing technology and international competition have contributed to a tougher and more competitive environment for American steelmaking† [2], but the centers of the steel industry are still situated in the eastern parts of the country. For example, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana employ nearly â€Å"44 percent of all steelworkers†. In 2004 employment in the steel industry calculated about â€Å"156,000 wage and salary jobs† [11].The majority of workers are employed by large firms, which can be seen from the following chart. Conclusion Having spoken about the reasons which impacted the number of workers in the U.S. steel industry and contributed to its decline, it is necessary to conclude. As it has been stated above, the process of deindustrialization has been a characteristic feature peculiar to all countries all over the world. And the USA is not an exception at this point. However, not only deindustrialization contributed to the decline of manufacturing jobs in the U.S. steel industry. The U.S. government could have taken more effective measures to protect the steel industry from foreign competition; however, it failed to do it. Besides, the development of modern technologies allowed the industry to reduce the number of jobs by adopting new technologies requiring the minimum of human interference. Also, lack of competitiveness and investment in the sector have made it less profitable leaving the owners of the steel companies no other choice as to reduce the number of steelworkers. BibliographyAdelman, L., Daressa, L., Schmiechen, B. (1984). Steelworker Revival: Waking from the American Dream. The Nation, Vol. 238, March 3.Cooney, S. (2003). The American Steel Industry: A Changing Profile. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from www.house.gov/english/pdf/steel.pdfCrandall, R.W. (1981). The U.S. Steel Industry in Recurrent Crisis: Policy Options in a Competitive World. The Brookings Institution.Devins, N., Fisher, L. (2002). The Steel Seizure Case: One of a Kind? Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 19.Garner, A. (2004). Offshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City – Economic Review.Kutscher, R.E., Personick, V.A. (1986). Deindustrialization and the Shift to Services. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 109.Marcus, M. (1994). Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power. Duke University Press.Treado, C.D. (2005). The Pittsburgh Cluster Of Suppliers To The Steel Industry: A Cluster Under A Bushel Ba sket. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from www.industrystudies.pitt.edu/papers/cluster-bushelbasket.pdfWaller, M.J. (2001). U.S. in Steel Trap Magazine article by J. Michael Waller; Insight on the News, Vol. 17, September 17.Wypijewski, J. (2002). Whose Steel? Dead Ends, New Beginnings – the Industry’s 25-Year Crisis. How Can It Be Saved? The Nation, Vol. 275, July 15.Steel Manufacturing. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs014.htm At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on any related topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details:

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Hypoxia and Altitude on Performance and the Imaging of Hypoxia From October 21-23rd 2009 the US Olympic Committee hosted the International Altitude Training Symposium which focussed on the practical application of height and hypoxic preparation for the sweetening of elect athletic public presentation [ 1 ] . This is in front of readyings for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, peculiarly for the swimmers. American jocks are non the lone 1s to utilize altitude preparation to fix for competitions. Every twelvemonth many sportswomans spend several hebdomads before their events developing at high heights, using the effects of hypoxia, in order to give themselves the best possible advantage. Exposure to hypoxia leads to effects on several systems of the organic structure, runing from cardiac to respiratory. There have been many surveies conducted demoing that people who train at high height for at least three hebdomads develop good alterations in comparing to people who train at sea degree. These will be discussed in item. Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency of O2 and hence a low pO2.This lessening leads to an addition in Hypoxia Inducible Factors which drive the alterations in the organic structure. It is these alterations that can be exploited by jocks to bring forth a victorious public presentation. Hypoxia occurs when the organic structure has deficient O supply to tissues. There are two types depending on what is affected- generalized hypoxia occurs when the organic structure as a whole is affected and tissue hypoxia is when merely an country of the organic structure is involved. It must be noted that hypoxia differs from hypoxemia- whereas hypoxia is low O handiness to tisssues, hypoxemia is a reduced partial force per unit area of O ( pO2 ) in the blood. Hypoxemia can do hypoxia but it is possible to be hypoxic and non hypoxemic. There are several subtypes of hypoxia. The first is hypoxic hypoxia. This is a generalized hypoxia and occurs when there is unequal O in the blood. This can be pathological for illustration in patients with COPD or a right-left shunt in the bosom. It is the type of hypoxia seen when people go to high heights, excessively, due to the low partial force per unit area of O in the air and so this is the hypoxia stimulated in hypoxic collapsible shelters and other altitude-simulating Chamberss. The 2nd subtype of hypoxia is hypemic hypoxia. This occurs when there is a job with the blood and O conveyance instead than a deficiency of O. For illustration, people with anemia are able to transport far less oxygen around the organic structure than people with the normal sum of ruddy blood cells. Peoples with Methaemoglobinaemia besides suffer from hypemic hypoxia as their hemoglobin is transformed into methemoglobin which can non transport O. Hypemic hypoxia besides occurs in C monoxide toxic co ndition ( as the O is displaced from the red blood cells ) and can originate during blood contributions due to the sum of blood lost by the individual. Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when cells are unable to use O due to faulty enzyme reactions- this is normally brought about by inordinate intoxicant ingestion. Finally, there is ischemic hypoxia which arises when blood flow to tissues is restricted ( although the blood itself has normal O concentrations ) . The limitation consequences in the tissues non acquiring every bit much O as they need. Ischaemic hypoxia is involved in ischemic bosom disease and intellectual ischemia. Hypoxia causes the organic structure to undergo many alterations that are to a great extent disputed. It is known, nevertheless, that alterations are regulated through Hypoxia Inducible Factors, peculiarly HIF-1a.Under normal degrees of O ( normoxic conditions ) , HIF-1 is rapidly broken down by the proteasome but when conditions become hypoxic, HIF-1 is stabilized and permits the activation of cistrons indispensable to cellular version to low O conditions [ 2 ] . The cistrons activated include erythropoietin, GLUT- 1 and VEGF ( Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor ) [ 3 ] . The HIF tract is activated in hypoxic conditions by the suppression of the HIF hydroxylase enzymes ( Fe2+- and O2-dependent ) . The normal activity of these enzymes is to demobilize the HIF fractional monetary units forestalling the HIF tract from happening during normoxic conditions. However, the tract can be induced in normoxic conditions. Both MA Dery et Al and HJ Knowles et al agree that there is grounds that shows this. Dery et al studied how normoxic conditions can take to the activation of vascular and growing factors [ 4 ] whereas Knowles et al examined how normoxic look of HIF-1 is indispensable for macrophage map [ 5 ] in human malignant neoplastic diseases. Both agree though that the mechanisms involved in the tract activation in normoxic conditions are ill-defined. There are several different types of HIF. HIF-1 consists of two fractional monetary units ( it is a heterodimer ) an alpha ( which is oxygen dependant ) and a beta [ 6 ] . HIF-1a is encoded by the HIF1A cistron and is involved with the inflammatory response and with angiogenesis [ 7 ] and in a survey by Brouwer et Al, is said to be strongly expressed in people with Rheumatoid Arthritis ( therefore is a mark for future drug interventions in RA ) [ 8 ] . However, in a survey conducted by Szekanecz et Al, it is claimed that HIF-1a Acts of the Apostless aboard other go-betweens including VEGF in RA- HIF-1a is non entirely responsible [ 9 ] . I think this is far more likely than it being merely to make with HIF-1a. HIF-1? is encoded by the ARNT cistron ( aryl hydrocarbon receptor atomic translocator ) . Together HIF-1a and ? are HIF-1 and hence this is involved in vascularization in countries of hypoxia and is indispensable for immunological responses and is a important physiological regulator of homeostasis, vascularisation, and anaerobiotic metamorphosis [ 10 ] . However, due to these belongingss, HIF-1 allows malignant neoplastic disease cells to reproduce and go around the organic structure, which is what Knowles et Als were demoing in their survey. HIF-2 is besides a split into an a unit ( EPAS1 ) and a ? unit ( ARNT2 ) . Both of these bind to Hypoxia- Response Elements in many cistrons. In peculiar, HIF-2 is associated with Erythropoietin which leads to an addition in erythrocyte production. HIF-3 is disconnected, excessively. HIF-3a is encoded by HIF3A and is structurally similar to the other alpha subtypes ; HIF-3? is encoded by ARNT3. HIF-3 is regulated in a different manner to HIF-1 and 2, nevertheless the exact mechanisms, although explored in many surveies, are said to be unknown. Qi Fang Li et Al and M Heidbreder et Als are among many groups who have stated this. The results of HIF-3 activation are somewhat dissimilar to the other HIF groups. Heidbreder et Al concluded in their survey that HIF-3 might be involved in protection during early intervals of hypoxia and/or moderate hypoxia [ 11 ] . They concluded that it is possible that HIF-3 comprises a constituent that reacts more rapidly in response to hypoxic tissues [ 12 ] and that HIF-3a may, in the early phases of tissue version to hypoxia, bring on cistrons including GLUT-1 and EPO [ 13 ] . There have been surveies, nevertheless, beliing each other with respects to the actions of HIF-3. Qi Fang Li et Al concluded that HIF-3a is complementary instead than redundant to HIF-1a initiation in protection against hypoxic harm [ 14 ] whereas MA Maynard et Al stated that human HIF-3a4 is a dominant-negative regulator of HIF-1 [ 15 ] . Personally, I think that yes HIF-3 Acts of the Apostless in a different manner to both HIF-1 and 2 but I do non believe that it acts as a straight negative regulator to them. It brings about contrasting alterations ( as seen in Fig. 1 ) but all act to trip cistrons for protection against hypoxia ; HIF-3 seems to be involved at an earlier phase to HIF-1 and 2. Besides, in Maynard et Al s survey , they used a splicing discrepancy, HIF-3a4 which may non correctly show HIF-3 s actions. The existent overall effects are disputed and scope from one survey stating that they found that with respects to parametric quantities such as BP, HR, SV and TPR there were no notable alterations [ 16 ] to surveies where they have found advantageous alterations both neuromuscular and metabolic [ 17 ] that have been induced. However, it depends on the manners of training- length etcetera as discussed previously- undergone as to the benefits obtained. It is by and large agreed though that hypoxic hypoxia leads to improved O transporting capacity every bit good as mass of hemoglobin. Numerous surveies indicate that positive hematologic alterations occur- FA Basset et Al concluded that rises in the concentration of EPO and Hb, red blood cell and thrombocyte Numberss, and hematocrit [ 18 ] could be seen ; DL Bonetti et Al found in their survey that the concentration of Hb increased by 3.6 % [ 19 ] over three hebdomads of preparation. I do non hold with the findings of K Katayama et Al wh o stated that they found that resting hematologic parametric quantities remained unchanged [ 20 ] because I think that there is plentifulness of grounds to propose that they should. If HIFs cause erythropoietin degrees to increase and angiogenesis to happen so it makes sense that, if nil else, haemoglobin concentrations should increase. With respects to the cardiorespiratory effects, it is much less clear as to what occurs. It has been established that VO2 soap decreases with exposure to hypoxic conditions, even though the entire carrying capacity of O was enhanced [ 21 ] , but the mechanisms behind it are unsure. Hypoxia at high height does nevertheless do a individual to take a breath profoundly due to the deficit of O in the air, which in bend causes an addition in tidal volume. Nevertheless, take a breathing rate is said to non increase until the individual has gone above highs of 6000m [ 22 ] . If it does, this could propose the early oncoming of AMS. Uniting the cardiorespiratory and hematologic mechanisms and responses, the followers should be seen: blood force per unit area and hence cardiac end product should increase. This triggers stroke volume to diminish in order to brace CO. This means that the O demands of the organic structure are met non by greater blood flow but instead by greater O extraction [ 23 ] . The neuromuscular effects are rather controversial, excessively. Basset et Al concluded that apart from a little diminution in the activity of phosphofructokinase [ 24 ] no other alterations were observed in musculus enzyme activities, buffer capacity, capillary denseness or morphology [ 25 ] . RL Wilber et Al would differ with this as their survey showed that there were some positive neuromuscular versions [ 26 ] that occurred. I think that Basset et Al are likely more right because I think that in order to see alterations in the muscular structure one would hold to develop for more than a twosome of hebdomads. There are many other effects that are controversial and are said to originate from sustained exposure of hypoxia on the organic structure. These include the theory that the carotid organic structures enlarge and undergo histological versions. I think that this is likely rather a likely happening as these chemoreceptors detect pO2 and so alterations in this will take to the receptors holding to accommodate. Peoples who live at height for old ages or who have lived there for coevalss display other alterations, excessively. Systemic blood force per unit area beads due to vasodilation- people who have high blood force per unit area are frequently told to pass some clip at height to harvest this benefit. However, chronic hypoxia besides consequences in pneumonic high blood pressure because pneumonic vass constrict and go rather muscular. Heath and Williams suggest that the ground behind this is likely due to hypoxia moving straight on the smooth musculus [ 27 ] although it is non a defini te theory. Athletes do non merely utilize height and hypoxia for preparation ; they use it for rushing up recovery clip, excessively. When jocks get injured, many turn to hypoxic collapsible shelters to diminish the sum of clip they are injured for ; illustrations would be Lance Armstrong and Jermain Defoe. Defoe has bought a collapsible shelter to kip in to heighten recovery from his hamstring injury- he is utilizing the hypoxia to acquire back to his original fittingness. Athletes use developing programmes at height in order to outdo prepare for events and competitions. There are several different ways of integrating height and hypoxia in developing programmes. The most normally used is the live high-train high ( LHTH ) method where jocks live and train at height. Another is the live high-train low ( LHTL ) method which was developed due to the possible restrictions that the LHTL method put on endurance jocks [ 28 ] . This method is widely used and has jocks populating at height and preparation at sea-level. There are besides programmes where jocks have intermittent hypoxic exposure during remainder ( IHE ) and where they have intermittent hypoxic exposure during uninterrupted session ( IHT ) . Out of all of these the LHTL method is the 1 most normally implemented in preparation as it has been shown in several surveies to be the most good. For illustration, RL Wilber et Al showed in their survey that the LHTL method combines the effects of life at height, viz. an addition in endogenous erythropoietin [ 29 ] , with effects obtained at sea-level, said to be good metabolic and neuromuscular versions [ 30 ] . In fact, GP Millet et Al defined the optimal height for an erythropoietin addition as being between 2200-2500 m [ 31 ] and for non-haematological factors ( i.e. metabolic, neuromuscular ) as up to 3100 m [ 32 ] . They besides decided that the length of clip required to be at height to bring on accelerated erythropoiesis appears to be 4 hebdomads [ 33 ] ; for advantageous alterations in economic system, musculus buffering capacity, the hypoxic ventilatory response or Na ( + ) /K ( + ) -ATPase activity [ 34 ] they recommended less than three hebdomads. The sum of clip spent at high height is deemed critical in order to see full hypoxic benefits. Millet and his squad suggest that in order to excite erythropoiesis a individual should hold at least 12 hours per twenty-four hours exposure [ 35 ] . However, it seems that a reduced exposure clip is required for other alterations unrelated to haematology [ 36 ] . Many surveies have findings that disagree with this, though. One survey concluded that to deduce the physiological benefits of LH+TL, they need to populate at a natural lift of 2000-2500 m for gt ; or=4 wk for gt ; or=22 h.d ( -1 ) [ 37 ] . From reading extended articles based at different highs and times, it seems to me that developing at an height of about 2250m induces many of the good effects of hypoxia. Athletes should be populating at this height for most of the day- merely falling to take down heights for their preparation. There have been many surveies conducted to see the effects of IHT and IHE. Millet found that IHT appears to be more advantageous in bettering public presentation than IHE [ 38 ] . Several surveies support this by demoing how IHE does small for public presentation enhancing. One in peculiar concluded that their survey ( which involved rugger participants undergoing 9-13 Sessionss of IHE over 15 yearss and so reiterating public presentation trials within 12 hours of geting at 1550m [ 39 ] ) showed that IHE made some public presentation steps significantly worse [ 40 ] . Another survey found no important differences in HR, BP, Q ( degree Celsius ) , SV, TPR, cardiovascular variableness, or cardiac-vagal baroreflex map [ 41 ] between their control and intercession groups at any clip. It was hence determined that IHE for four hebdomads to immature jocks did non take to any sustained alterations in their autonomic control of blood force per unit area [ 42 ] . This is non to state, nevert heless, that hypoxia does non ensue in any alterations in blood force per unit area control. In fact, I believe that exposure ( that is non intermittent ) to hypoxia does so hold an impact because if BP is measured before people go to high height and when they return to see degree, there is a definite difference between the figures. Chronic exposure to hypoxia consequences in the smooth musculus of pneumonic vass compressing every bit good as in relaxation of arterias in the systemic system [ 43 ] . The result of this is that a individual can develop pneumonic high blood pressure but has less hazard of developing systemic high blood pressure ( it must be noted, nevertheless, that a individual must see drawn-out hypoxic exposure-many years- to see these effects and that the huge bulk of surveies that have found these alterations have been on people who have lived at high height for many coevalss. Therefore there may be a familial constituent to these alterations in blood force per un it area ) . From their research, Millet et Als have proposed a new preparation programme called Populating High-Training Low and High, interspersed [ 44 ] besides referred to as LHTLHi . This combines the LHTL preparation with 2-3 IHT Sessionss of supra-threshold preparation [ 45 ] per hebdomad. This seems a logical measure frontward as it combines the benefits of both methods and should hence take to jocks sing the full scope of hypoxic alterations. For many jocks it can be rather hard to hold entree to high height, and can hence be said to be at a disadvantage to others. For illustration, the manager for the Italian Football squad has been quoted as stating that his squad had non adequately prepared ( acclimatised ) for the games that were at high height [ 46 ] blaming this for his squad s failure to do it out of the group phases of the Confederations Cup. However, he says he has rectified the state of affairs for the World Cup ( to be held in South Africa ) by being more prepared. It has been said that many of the managers are traveling to do their squads train and play pattern lucifers at altitude in front of the tourney so as to be more appropriately prepared to play squads such as Brazil who train at height usually. England is one of many squads to hold a preparation cantonment at height to fix for the World Cup- they will be remaining at Rustenburg which is by the Magaliesberg mountain scope. Technology has advanced to let jocks to hold simulated altitude preparation, which allows them to be at sea degree but still see hypoxia. These devices include hypoxicator devices ( where a individual breathes in hypoxic air ) hypoxic ( height ) collapsible shelters and N flats ( which provides normobaric hypoxia ) . These machines are used to see how people respond to high height whilst in a safe environment. They are often used by people developing for expeditions to topographic points such as the South Pole and Everest so that they can orient their preparation and happen out if they are susceptible to any jobs at high height. Analysis in a normobaric hypoxic collapsible shelter at a fake height of 2500m may be utile in the early designation of ailing reacting persons to fake height environments [ 47 ] . If an person has hapless sleep quality that does non decide ( acclimatise ) over several yearss, it may be an indicant of mountain illness. However, it can be argued that AMS can be induced by replicated height and as such can non give a dependable indicant as to whether a individual is more likely to see Acute Mountain Sickness. Personally I think that it can be a reliable index of a individual s susceptibleness to AMS because although the collapsible shelter may bring on it, it is possible that it is merely rushing up the procedure. It is besides possible to safely see how an athlete adapts to an ague turn of hypoxia. C Guger et al conducted a survey to see how topics adapted to mounting to an height of 4000m within 12 hours whilst in a hypobaric chamber [ 48 ] and compared it to a old survey done on Mount Dachstein. They measured EEG, ECG, blood O2 impregnation and the topics had to make full in a Lake Louise questionnaire ( which measures the grade of AMS ) . The consequences of this survey suggested that the participants were incapable of accommodating [ 49 ] . They besides found that all the parametric quantities tested were still affected from the high height even one hr after the participants returned to 134m [ 50 ] . These consequences were similar to those obtained from the mountain and so back up my theory that the fake height machines are dependable ways of foretelling what happens at existent height and can observe AMS. While life at high height, athletes must take attention to avoid cold hurts and the negative effects of hypoxia. The sum of blood traveling to the appendages decreases at height compared to sea degree due to the redistribution of blood to critical variety meats such as the bosom and brain- O extraction rate is high here and a big sum of O is required for map [ 51 ] . The consequence of this is that fingers, toes and the face become susceptible to the cold and cryopathy can develop. Due to the shallow nature of frostnip it recovers reasonably rapidly ; interventions for this should be dry dressings and sterile safeguards [ 53 ] . Deep cryopathy is much more terrible and so anyone who develops this should be seen in infirmary and should ideally hold a Doppler scan followed by endovenous injections of vasodilative and warming up. Before anyone goes to altitude, they should undergo acclimatization for several hebdomads before ( utilizing climatic Chamberss ) so as to fix their organic structures for the utmost conditions. A cold adapted individual is said to continue heat and map more expeditiously in cold conditions and they besides tend to shudder less than a non-cold altered individual [ 54 ] as the low temperatures do non come as such a daze to their organic structure. Hypothermia is another hazard associated with high height and it can ensue in cardiac, intellectual and musculoskeletal maps increasingly deteriorating. Anyone with hypothermia should be reheated rapidly and have their heat loss reduced. AMS is peculiarly unsafe and if anyone starts to expose symptoms they should be treated and monitored as it can come on to high height intellectual hydrops ( HACO ) or high height pneumonic hydrops ( HAPO ) . The World Health Organisation defines AMS as happening when hypoxic emphasis outstrips acclimatisation [ 55 ] . WHO besides states that susceptibleness is chiefly familial, but fast rates of acclivity and higher sleeping heights are of import precipitating factors [ 56 ] whereas a individual s physical fittingness, sex and age bare small consequence on it [ 57 ] . The consequence of this is that even seasoned climbers and jocks can fall ailment. The causes of AMS are non wholly known but it is suspected by Heath and Williams to be due to H2O in the organic structure being redistributed [ 58 ] ; this occurs in response to hypoxic conditions. This redistribution is combined with that of blood off from appendages to the bosom, lungs and encephalon. The blood is hence said to pool taking to oedema which consequences in the symptoms associated with AMS ( purging, concern, weariness ) . Peoples normally get AMS if they ascend to altitude excessively rapidly, hence attention should be taken to travel to altitude easy, to cut down the hazard of falling ailment. It appears to be agreed that giving the drug acetazolamide can be used to cut down the hazard of AMS by assisting to forestall some of the H2O keeping in the organic structure by increasing urine end product. AJ Davies et Al s survey concluded that it does supply some protection against AMS [ but ] ideally trekkers need a more gradual path profile for mounting [ 59 ] ; the drug helps but is non every bit good as mounting to altitude easy [ 60 ] . Harmonizing to WHO, the symptoms of AMS are ameliorated by O or analgetic and antiemetics [ 61 ] . HAPO and HACO are potentially life threatening and develop from AMS. HAPO involves hydropss in the lungs- they become filled with the H2O that was redistributed from other parts of the organic structure [ 62 ] . It largely occurs merely at heights of 3000m and above [ 63 ] although there have been instances reported at lower highs. The people most at hazard are those who are exposing themselves to high heights and hypoxic conditions for the first clip and those who were antecedently used to the conditions but have spent clip off from them and are returning. Peoples who have had an episode of HAPO before are besides at an increased hazard of holding another. HAPO is more likely to happen when people ascend to altitude excessively rapidly or when they do excessively much physical activity when they have merely merely got to altitude, hence physical action and hypoxia [ 64 ] are the two chief factors. Consequently, if jocks are traveling to develop at height they should wait a few yearss before get downing any activity. The first symptoms of HAPO are said to happen six to ninety six hours after traveling to a high height [ 65 ] but after the forth twenty-four hours the hazard of developing HAPO falls markedly so that by the 10th twenty-four hours the hazard is merely little. The marks of HAPO involve declining respiratory jobs including coughing and terrible dyspnea [ 66 ] but tachycardia is besides present. Depending on the badness of the instance, thoracic skiagraphy shows opacities with patchy distribution [ 67 ] ( early phases ) or lungs covered in opacities which may be accompanied by uni- or bilateral pleural gush [ 68 ] ( advanc ed instances ) . HAPO has two chief mechanisms behind it. The first is Pneumonic Arterial Hypertension- PAH- which develops before the hydrops. PAH occurs due to several grounds: an addition in blood volume ( due to an addition in the figure of red blood cells and the sum of H2O ) and pneumonic vasoconstriction are the chief 1s ( these are stimulated by HIF and will be discussed subsequently ) . The 2nd mechanism is an addition in the permeableness of the endothelium which leads to the transmittal of the PAH and overperfusion of the pneumonic bed. Several drugs have been found to forestall and handle HAPO. One survey by O. Dunin- Bell and S. Boyle examines the instance of a climber who got HAPO and treated it himself with a choice of drugs- acetazolamide, Viagra and salmeterol [ 69 ] ; the climber was able to successfully finish his ascent. The grounds for these drugs is reasonably controversial. Acetazolamide has merely had one homo survey conducted [ 70 ] and because of this, it is unable to be recommended at the minute [ 71 ] . Besides, people with liver disease should non take it. Sildenafil has been shown to be good in one survey it enhanced gas exchange but besides protected against any pneumonic high blood pressure stimulated by the high height [ 72 ] taking to the sweetening of pneumonic circulation, but at that place have non been any systematic surveies to analyze its effectivity in HAPO ; this is the same for Salmeterol. However, there are other drugs that are used in HAPO. Nifedipine is a cardinal drug sing HAPO i ntervention and bar as it inhibits vasoconstriction. Besides, the inspiration of Nitrous Oxide has been used to handle people with HAPO- Kolluru et Al hypothesise that it intervenes in the permeableness of the pneumonic macrovascular endothelial bed to rectify the leaky bed under hypoxia [ 73 ] . Whatever the drug administered, anyone with HAPE should chiefly have O and remainder, sooner at a lower height. HACO is the intellectual version of HAPO and it may happen alongside it or on its ain. The symptoms of this include a terrible concern, weariness, ataxy but a individual enduring from it can besides show with behavioral alterations changing from crabbed and unlogical behavior to confusion, psychotic beliefs and hallucinations [ 74 ] . There are two types of HACO- the first is known as Cerebral Oedema of Acclimatisation. This occurs during acclivity to altitude but is instead rare as normally it is merely AMS that is suffered. The 2nd type is Cerebral Oedema of Extreme Altitude which occurs at really utmost highs in good acclimatised, athletic climbers [ 75 ] . Post mortems of people who have had HACO show terrible generalised extracellular encephalon hydrops with hemorrhagic micro-infarction [ 76 ] and there is much research sing the impact of HACO on the blood encephalon barrier ( BBB ) . It appears to be that acute hypoxia may ensue in the permeableness of the BBB increasing [ 77 ] ; SS Natah et Al s survey on rats showed look of endothelial barrier antigen ( EBA ) was reduced to 50 % between 24 and 48 H after exposure to hypoxia The values about returned to control degrees by 7 yearss, demoing version to hypoxia [ 78 ] . The reduced degrees of EBA would be adequate to change the BBB so that escape occurs. This escape would worsen the fluid keeping ensuing in big sums in the encephalon. In fact, on exposure to high altitude the sum of blood traveling to the encephalon can increase by every bit much as 40 % [ 79 ] so this combined with a faulty BBB would take to terrible jobs. However, DM Bailey et Al found in their surveies utilizin g diffusion- leaden magnetic resonance imagination that there is some mild astrocytic puffiness [ 80 ] ensuing from unstable redistribution from the extracellular ( hypoxia- affected ) infinite to the intracellular infinite [ 81 ] . I think that in order for HACO to develop, though, that there must be some harm to the BBB so that fluid goes deep into the encephalon resulting in the symptoms experienced. This is corroborated by K Hicks et Al s survey which concluded that hypoxic emphasis can take to accommodations in the cytoskeletal construction of the BBB adding to its perturbation [ 82 ] . They besides found that Ca inflow through Transient Receptor Potential Channels ( TRPC ) contributes to this. HACO can be treated with similar drugs to HAPO. However the primary drug used is big endovenous doses of Decadron. Hypoxia is by and large measured and imaged with respects to tumours to seek and work out the nature and size of any present. Therefore many of the surveies around present their findings on imaging hypoxia in a tumour- oriented mode. However, it is possible to image hypoxic effects to derive insight as to how hypoxic a individual is. These will be discussed subsequently. It is by and large acknowledged that the best manner of mensurating hypoxia is by utilizing a chemical called EF5 [ 2- ( 2-nitro-1 [ H ] -imidazol-1-yl ) N- ( 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ) -acetamide ] . This is a peculiarly utile chemical as it can be implemented with both invasive ( biopsy based ) and non-invasive ( PET- based ) methods. EF5 is used in concurrence with a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody ( frequently ELK3-51 or 18F ) which allows immunohistochemical sensing of the EF5. ELK3-51 was specifically designed to observe the adducts of EF5- which are detected by direct immunofluorescence. EF5 is lipotropic and is taken up by metabolically active cells and binds covalently and selectively ( under hypoxic conditions- binding is maximum when conditions are badly hypoxic ) to cellular supermolecules. This occurs as a consequence of hypoxia-dependent bioreduction by cellular nitroreductases [ 83 ] . This therefore allows the measuring of the pO2 of cells and tissues ; O2 ingestion rates can be calculated. CJ Koch et Al found that EF5 is a stable molecule and its pharmacokinetics can be estimated [ 84 ] . It besides has a changeless half life, therefore it is a comparatively easy molecule to track and the consequences of EF5 adhering related to the O degrees of tissues can be analysed with easiness [ 85 ] . Meanwhile WT Jenkins et Al stated that EF5 adhering provides elaborate spacial information on the distribution of hypoxia in feasible tumour tissue [ 86 ] . It must be noted nevertheless that necrotic tumors tissue does non take up EF5 because cells here can non meta bolize it, hence these cells

Gender, Social Exclusion and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender, Social Exclusion and Technology - Essay Example Two different perspectives suggested by Bohan (1993, pp.6) can be used to explain the differences between boys and girls – the theories of Essentialism and Constructionism. Essentialism is intrinsic to the individual and places the formation or origin of gender-specific attributes within the individual. Constructionism, on the other hand, looks at gender characteristics as a component of the actions and acts of the individual, extrinsic to the individual. Gender, in Constructionism, is therefore considered external to the self.   From this perspective, the gender qualities cannot be said to be based on biological sex. According to Bohan, what the individual does when he interacts with others is gender, not what the individual possesses. Essentialism, however consider gender to be an intrinsic phenomenon -- a set of actions that individual possesses inherently. According to the constructionist perspective the social realm is where gender is located. Gender is defined in terms of ‘doing’. Gender itself is defined as a routine, methodical and recurring accomplishment. To fit into the roles of being competent members of the society, men and women convert the ‘doing’ of gender into action. When gender is viewed in this perspective, it is not some genetic traits or roles that we possess biologically, but is rather a output of social influence that is manifested by what we do or how we behave. Gender is therefore an active rather than a passive concept.   Examples of ‘doing’ gender abound in common day-to-day experiences.

Carrefour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Carrefour - Assignment Example The other smaller stores include supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations. The first store was opened in 1997, in Lodz. It also has a mobile service known as Carrefour Mova (Hoovers, 2015). The hypermarket structure has contributed immensely to the success of Carrefour. The company deals mainly with grocery and retail items. The items are as follows; clothing, household items, hardware, perishable and non-perishable food items. The business networks of Carrefour include convenience stores, hypermarkets, online stores, discount stores, supermarkets and electronic commerce. The Carrefour hypermarkets offer a range of services which include: financial service, ATM, parcel holding, Carrefour optical, shopping center to name a few. Carrefour also faces stiff competition in this competitive industry of grocery and retailing from other businesses either locally or internationally based. These competitors include: convenience stores, Wal-Mart, Ahold, Auchan, Tesco, Aldi and grocery stores. What differentiates these chains is their marketing plans strategy. Thus, this report will analyze the strategies it has employed in venturing in this new foreign market, and that has enable it compete favorably and continue making profits. Also it will include a SLEPT analysis of how marketing mix elements and management issues influence its successful productivity (Businesscasestudies, 2015). The major strength of Carrefour is that it is a hypermarket store well stocked with diverse goods and services, and it is well-known globally. The creation of its brand name products is a probable weakness that Carrefour faces. This is because it is a tradition of customers to the belief that own-branded products are inferior and hence lose trust in the company. Carrefour has potential opportunities for exploring its online stores and expansion in overseas markets. Carrefour also experiences enormous threats and challenges such as it creates

How Muhammad Established Islam As A Major Political And Religious Force In The World Essay Example for Free

How Muhammad Established Islam As A Major Political And Religious Force In The World Essay While Muhammad was living with his wife Khadija, he often went to a cave outside Makkah called Hira, where he would reflect and pray. During one night in 610CE, when Muhammad was 40, he was in a cave on Mount Hira. God revealed himself to Muhammad. This was called the night of power, and it relates in Surah 95 of the Quran, which is entitled The Blood Clot. When Muhammad returned home, Khadija became his first believer. Then his cousin Ali, a freed slave called Zayd, and one of his closest friends, Abu Bakr, all became followers. There started one of the great religions of the world. Muhammad had a strong belief that there was only one God, the creator. He believed that all humans should be equal in their relationship with this creator. This undermined the tribes of Makkah who, especially the Quarish, rose up against Muhammad and his followers. All through his life, Muhammad fought to establish Islam, to gather followers, and to create a substantial political force. In the 22 years after the first revelation, until Muhammad died in 632CE, God delivered the Quran to Muhammad, his messenger. By the time that God had finished revealing the Quran, Muhammad had moved to Madinah. Hence we get Makkan and Medinan verses. The Makkan verses are usually shorter, more judgemental, and are found towards the end of the Quran. After the second revelation, the night journey, Muhammad migrated to Yathrib, 40 miles north of Makkah, to settle disputes with the pilgrims from that town. He went there with family and followers in 622CE. When he arrived, he built a house, which was later to become the first mosque. He then renamed the town Madinah. This is where the central community was established. After Muhammad died, no one knew if he had named a successor. Usually, it would pass to his eldest son. In the end the leader was chosen by the Muslim community as a person of great personal integrity. This is the belief of the Sunni branch of Islam, who did not want a government, but they wanted to rely on an authoritative ruler. The Shia branch believes that the early history was biased against Ali, Muhammads cousin. When Ali did become the leader, those who believed Ali to be the true successor formed the separate Party of Ali. The Shia branch wanted a leader from the family of Muhammad. Islam was greatly diversified by the achievements of the first four caliph successors to Muhammad. Here is who they are and what they achieved in their rule: * Abu Bakr (632-634 CE) He and his armies conquered Arab tribes, and they went as far as the Byzantine Empires borders. Abu Bakr had more than a personal belief of Islam and he had a belief of political ideology. * Umar (634-644 CE) He continued after Abu Bakr and captured Jerusalem and North Africa. * Uthman (644-656 CE) After Ali turned down the caliphate, Uthman was chosen and he expanded the empire through North Africa and Eastwards to India and China. * Ali (656-661 CE) He made Muawiya co-caliph, a disastrous move. Two parties were formed, one supporting Ali, the other supporting Muawiya. Islam today is the second largest religion in the world and it is growing fast. It is significant in the modern politics. It also contributes to art, music, architecture and philosophy. The religion has grown to have over 2 billion followers. However recently Islamophobia has stepped in. Islam has been treated very cruelly by the western media in the last few years. However Islam means to surrender, or submit, and it is linked closely to another Arabic word meaning peace. Indeed a Muslim is one who surrenders.

Mending Wall Essay -- essays research papers

In â€Å"Mending Wall†, Robert Frost made us aware that something doesn’t love the wall in the beginning of the poem, the wall that symbolizes boundary and obstacle between people. Although this restrictive wall gives protection and a feeling of safety for the people who are inside it, it also creates a huge barrier to the people who are on the outside. The only difference between a physical wall and an imaginary barrier is that a physical wall will eventually fall apart as time goes by, but the emotional one on the other hand will only get bigger. Does Frost agree with his neighbor on the perspective of relationship between people, or do they each hold a different idea?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem, Frost and his neighbor had a relatively short conversation. We can see that there is a sense of separation between them. Frost rarely talks to his neighbor, and the only time they ever have a chance to communicate is when they are repairing the fences. This lack of communication and understanding gradually builds up an invisible barrier between them. This invisible barrier that stands between keeps them separate. Even when they are working together fixing the wall, they are staying one on a side of the wall. It seems that Frost enjoys working with his neighbor separately when he says â€Å"Oh, just another kind of outdoor game, one on a side†. However Frost also gives us a feeling that there is other meaning to it. A game very often symbolizes a competition, or a fight. We c...

Nazca Lines

Earth scientists have been preoccupied with demystifying the secret behind the Nazca lines discovered in South Americas earth in the 1920’s. These precisely straight lines, still unfaded by over 3,000 years of rains, floods, winds, and dust appear to be impossible for any mortal to create. More than that, how they were drawn and why they were drawn is a challenge for the most intelligent minds to come up with any clues. The Nazca lines are as mysterious as the earth’s pyramids. The lines are forms of humans, birds, monkeys, and many other animals.From the information provided, all images drawn into the earth are some form of animals, or humans. Images can only be made out from an aerial view from the sky, such as an airplane or helicopter. These earth drawings are far to large to identify from the ground. â€Å"From ground level, earth drawings or geoglyphs as they are called, seem like a confused mass of lines. It’s only when viewed from the air, that one sees how the lines and figures convey a sense of purpose, of organization† (Stouse, 2007).Since the discovery of these lines, there has been studies and studies of these Nazca lines, intriguing people to find out more. http://www. timstouse. com/EarthHistory/nazcalines. htm Lines, Lines, Lines Without technology, even rulers and other measuring devices did not exist at this time, how can these drawings be so accurate and precise? Not only are they so accurately and precise, they are habitually accurate and perfectly straight over thousands of miles, cover several hundred feet of Peru. The lines are complicated, interweaving in and out one another, but consistently perfect.To the Incas, pottery was always a big part of their art. Their pottery contained intricate details engrained in the carvings. Scientists studying this always seem to mention their pottery art. Apparently, some significant connection has been related. One of the factors they are studying is the dry land these draw ings were sketched. Still they cannot figure out how it was done. http://www. timstouse. com/EarthHistory/nazcalines. htm No one has the right information required to unsolve the mystery. Scientists are extremely intelligent, which is a mystique in itself.They still do not have the right information to discover the hidden secrets behind the Nazca lines. Peruvians lifestyles or education from the time they were born would have to be studied. Maybe through their traditions while learning survival they acquired the ability to draw perfect lines and measurements. A twenty five year old does not wake up one day with the ability to draw so precisely. Drawing precise lines are a result of years accumulated by daily living habits beginning at a very young age.Since the images are so large, a group of people had to be involved in etching one drawing. The drawings had to be broken down into segments. Each person was assigned a section of the drawing. Another intriguing mystery about the earth ’s sketches, is these sketches are here to stay. They are not faded away, washed away, and are not desolved. If the sketches have been here for 3,000 years, they are going to be here 3,000 more. Even tombstones built of solid material to survive the earths conditions, corrode and break down after so many years.How are these drawings surviving? Once again, no one today has the right information to figure it out. The Peruvians must have had a way to draw all moisture out of the earth, to seal it off completely preventing anything to seep into the grains before they started the drawings. Water is natures most damaging resource. Water will put out and destroy fire. The sea has enormous strength and power. Almost nothing can stand up to damaging water hazards. Ancient Peruvians knew much more about the earth than what is known today. http://www.timstouse. com/EarthHistory/nazcalines. htm Reasons why the Peruvians were so motivated to create such drawings is another unsolved myster y. Their religion may provide clues to why they would take enormous amounts of time to do there drawings. Peruvians believed in sun gods and sun goddesses. Nothing is absolute certainty why they drew these sketches. One explanation, was to honor or please the gods, or the sun. Because the sketches can only be identified by an aerial view, these drawings probably were to send messages to something in the air.Studying the artists who are influenced by Peru’s culture can provide some leads to figure out how these drawings were etched into the ground. Some of the best artists have came from Peru. The artists influenced by Peru specialized in detailed measurements. (Wilepedia). An Inca artists, Joaquin Torres-Garcia, derive much of his art from Inca and Nazca Pottery. â€Å"Torres-Garcia’s style is based on grid patterns derived from the aesthetics of the golden section, a geometric proportion and surrealism†(encyclopedia article, http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedi a_762507279/Joaquin_Torres-Garcia. html). Golden section is using straight lines and exact measurements. If art work inspired by Incas have a history of placing importance on such mathematical precision, then that has to be connected to their earth drawings. Geometrical figures, lines are somehow embedded into their culture. Conclusion: The Nazca lines today remain a mystery. They will probably remain a mystery forever. Sure enough, as soon as one scientists discovers something, another finds evidence that disproves it.But that is the process of learning or studying. Even when a theory is proven false, it reveals information. The Nazca lines can only be viewed from an Ariel view. And they did worship sun gods. These drawings probably had a very sacred meaning in honor of the sun. Notes: No author, no date Joaquin Torres-Garcia http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_762507279/Joaquin_Torres-Garcia. html No Author, no date; Discovery Channel http://exn. ca/mysticplaces/Nazcalines. asp Stouse, Tim 2003, modified 2007 Nazca lines http://www. timstouse. com/EarthHistory/nazcalines. htm